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In HF Propagation we described the extension of the scalar forward propagation equations (FPE) to accommodate HF propagation in the ionosphere where polarization effects important. Looking ahead to comparing full-field simulations to ray trace results we introduced ray tracing. In … Continue reading →

Fourier optics, as introduced in the text book Fourier Optics by John Goodman, provides a framework for analyzing optical systems. Optical sources generate aperture fields, which then propagate freely until some configuration of optical elements generates a new aperture field. … Continue reading →

All of the analysis summarized on this website thus far has been based on the scalar wave equation, which ignores polarization. The constitutive relation is a temporally and spatially varying complex scalar function. The scalar function was introduced in The … Continue reading →

Previous blogs have outlined the development of irregularity parameter estimation (IPE) as applied to ionospheric scintillation data and to simulations as described in Rino and Carrano and Rino, Carrano, and Yokoyama, respectively. The applications of IPE assume diagnostic measurements are … Continue reading →

Irregularity parameter Estimation (IPE) was developed for estimating the intensity SDF from detrended intensity scintillation measurements.  As discussed in the blog, the original IPE procedure was replaced with an improved maximum likelihood estimator (MLE).  The MLE scheme was also used … Continue reading →